1. Begging for Wu Kai's preface to the vernacular in Tiangong, Wu Kai in Tiangong is overwhelming, and there are tens of thousands of things, and things are also caused by it.
Success is not leaving a backward path. What kind of manpower is it?
Things are everything, but they must be dictated to you before you know them. What does it have to do with geometry? Among all things, it is no different from a stranger and a helpful person, each with his own responsibilities. People with smart natural history will be pushed forward by others. It is because the flowers of jujube and pear are not appreciated, but they bear the "initial level"; Fan's "kettle", and talk about "kettle tripod"; Painters like to paint ghosts, dogs and horses, but are Zheng Qiao and Jinhua strong enough? Fortunately, in its heyday, locomotives in southern Yunnan ran through Liaoyang, and officials and businessmen in the mountains swam across northern Hebei.
What is invisible to Wan Li? If you are a scholar, at the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the season of the Southern Song Dynasty, * * * regarded Yan, Qin, Jin and Yu as exotic products and got fur hats from the mutual market, so Uncle He was cautious. Moreover, Di Zi, the master and the teacher, grew up in the deep palace, and the jade grains of the royal chef are fragrant, but they still cut clothes in the palace and fantasize about silk.
Speaking of time, I won a treasure by looking at the picture. In recent years, I have written a book called Heavenly Creations.
I am hurt and poor, and I want to buy strange research, but I am short of money; I want to attract Shang Lue, a fan, to fake the truth, but I lack the museum of Chen Sizhi. What's wrong with writing it with its poor knowledge and hiding it in all directions? My friend Mr. Tu Baiju is sincere and open-minded. Those who have good words in ancient and modern times are long and desirable, and they must be diligent and suitable. Yesterday, I was awarded the book Painting Sound by my teacher. I have the rest of my life, so I will continue to do it with this volume, which is also the call of fate.
Before and after dividing the paper, it means "your grain is precious and your gold is precious". The two volumes, Guan Xiang and Lv Yue, are too precise in doctrine, which is none of my business, so I deleted Linzi.
Beggars and literati abandon their desks. This book has nothing to do with the progress of fame and fortune. When Pearl Krabs was sad, Feng wrote an excerpt from Tiangong in Family Food Inquiry Hall. It was the first song that Song Zi said: If the ancient Shennong exists, taste its emblem. The two words have been passed down to this day.
A stranger can't live long, but the grain is born, and the grain can't live by itself. Soil veins vary from time to time, from soil to water.
Otherwise, Shennong went to Tang Tao, where he has been eating food for thousands of years. The benefits of Lei's teaching the world are self-evident.
The succession of Jia species will be recorded in detail in Houji, so why? The son of ten thousand, look at the hat with clothes; A well-educated family is ashamed of farmers. Cook early and pay late, and there are countless people who know its taste and forget its source! It is impossible for a man to do what he did as a farmer and tie him to God! ○ There is no definite name for the total name of each valley, and the hundred valleys refer to several words.
The grains are hemp, glutinous rice, wheat, millet and millet, and those who leave rice alone set out from the northwest with the sage who wrote the book. Today, rice is in the seventh place, and come, beg, millet and millet are in the third place.
Hemp and glutinous rice have been put into the bait paste, but they are still in the valley. From its crescent moon.
○ Rice Rice has the most kinds. Non-sticky, glutinous rice, glutinous rice.
Sticky, the grain is called glutinous, and the rice is called glutinous (there is no sticky millet in the south, and glutinous rice is used for wine). The quality of late-harvested japonica rice is sticky (commonly known as Wuyuan light, etc. ). It can be not wine, but porridge, which is another kind of sex.
All rice shapes are long awns, short awns (the long awns in the south of the Yangtze River are called Liuyang Zao and the short awns are called Ji 'an Zao), long grains, sharp grains, domes and planes. Among them, beige is white, yellow teeth, red, semi-purple and mixed black.
Wet planting period, as early as before the vernal equinox, is called community planting (in case of frozen dead), and at the latest after Qingming Festival. Each seed is first soaked in rice and wheat for a few days. Once it germinates, it is scattered in the ground and gives birth to an inch, which is called a seedling.
30 days after the seedlings are born, they are pulled up and planted separately. If the field is dry and the water overflows, transplanting rice seedlings is not allowed.
The seedlings are out of date, old and long, that is, planting an acre of land and giving birth to a few grains, and the result is only so. The seedlings born in an acre of nursery are all for transplanting 25 acres.
After all the seedlings are planted separately, they can be harvested in 70 days at the earliest (japonica rice can save people from hunger, and the throat is urgent, and glutinous rice is covered with gold and silver, which is beyond description), and Xia Dong can harvest it in 200 days at the latest. Sowing in winter and harvesting in midsummer are the rice in Guangnan, and there is no frost and snow on the earth.
Every grain of rice loses water in ten days, that is, it is dry. Sowing in summer and harvesting in autumn, an acre of land is divided into three parts, and there is endless water in the mountains. Its seeds are also durable, its soil veins are also cold, and it does not urge seedlings.
Lakeside field will be sown in June after summer, and its seedlings will be sown in the long summer and spread on a high acre to wait for time. In the southern plain, the fields are harvested twice a year.
Its re-planted seedlings, common name late waxy, non-japonica. In June, cut the first grain, plough the old draft field and insert the regenerated seedlings.
When the seedlings are clear, they have already separated from the early seedlings. Early seedlings died without watering for a day. This kind of seedling lasts for four or five months, but it is different when it is dried in the hot sun.
Where rice is replanted, it is sunny in autumn, and then irrigation and rice are over. Farmers work hard and need spring wine.
Where rice will die after losing water for ten days, it turns into a kind of upland rice, which is japonica but not sticky, that is, high mountains can be inserted and different. A kind of fragrant rice, which is valued for its aromatic gas, has little harvest, no benefit and is not enough.
2. Who knows that the translation of "Heavenly Creations" is overwhelming, and there are tens of thousands of things, which is why things will not fall behind. Is it manpower?
Things are everything, but they must be dictated to you before you know them. What does it have to do with geometry? In all things, it's useless to have a stranger, but it's good for him. Let's take half of each. There are intelligent and knowledgeable people in the world, and those who are thick push them; It is jujube pear flower that is not appreciated, but it is assumed to be ChuPing; Fan talked about the kettle and the tripod; Painters are good at painting ghosts, dogs and horses; That is, Zheng Qiao and Jinhua, are they fierce enough?
Fortunately, in the heyday of enlightenment, horses in southern Yunnan ran through Liaoyang, and officials and merchants traveled between northern Hebei and Wan Li. What is invisible and inaudible? If he was born as a scholar in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, and regarded Yan, Qin, Jin and Yu as exotic products, why should he be cautious? And her husband's grandson, who grew up in a deep palace, is a delicious chef, but he depends on thunder; Shang's sword is an imaginary machine silk. Speaking of time, look at the picture and you will win a treasure!
In recent years, I have written a book called Heavenly Creations. What a pity! Want to buy strange research, but lack of money; In order to attract peers, Shang Lue is fake and real, but there is a lack of Chen Si Museum. What's wrong with writing with his humble knowledge and hiding his heart? My friend, Mr. Tu Boju, moved the sky sincerely and was open-minded. The beauty of ancient and modern times, long and desirable, must be diligent and appropriate. Last year's "Painting Sound Back to Right" was awarded by Mr. Li. I have an afterlife, and I will take this roll and continue to do it. This is also the call of fate! Before and after dividing the paper, it means "your grain is precious and your gold is precious". The two volumes, Guan Xiang and Lv Yue, are too precise in doctrine, which is none of my business, so I deleted Linzi.
Beggars and scholars abandon the table! This book has nothing to do with fame and progress. time
Ding Chou Meng of Chongzhen and Feng Xin Song wrote a book in Family Grain Inquiry Hall.
3. Help me translate the original preface of Wu Kai/Song in Tiangong.
God covers, earth inherits, and the number of things is ten thousand. Because of this, everything that has happened has been compromised, modified, and everything is lacking. This is caused by manpower! Since there are tens of thousands of things, how many things have to be handed down orally and seen with your own eyes to know? Of all things, half are useless to human beings and half are beneficial to human beings. There are some people in the world who are extremely clever and knowledgeable, and everyone admires him ── he doesn't even know the dates and pears, but he guesses the king of Chu's Pingbao out of thin air; Even the ordinary kettle (rice kettle) is rarely seen. They all talk about Fang Ding of Chu. Painters like to draw ghosts, but they don't like dogs and horses. Even the duke of Zheng and Zhang Hua of Jin are commendable!
I was lucky to be born in an era when I understood that things were at their peak. Yunnan's chariots and horses can be smoothly connected to Liaoyang; Officials and businessmen in the border areas of Lingnan can visit Jibei at will. What can't I see in Wan Li, Fiona Fang? Can't you tell? If this scholar was born in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty or the late Southern Song Dynasty, he must have mistaken the native products of Yan, Qin, Jin and Yu for foreign (ethnic) goods. What's the difference between fur hats bought from foreign (ethnic) trade offices and ancient Shen Jian? Moreover, those princes and ministers grew up in the palace, and when the white rice in the royal kitchen was fragrant, they thought of watching Lei's farm tools. Female officials in the palace imagine what a textile machine and silk thread are when cutting gorgeous clothes. If you can look at this painting at this time, it will be a treasure. Over the years, I have written a book called Heavenly Creations. So sad! I am really poor. Although I want to buy some ancient books for textual research, I don't have enough financial resources. Although I want to invite like-minded friends to study and discuss its authenticity, there is a lack of guest houses that can entertain guests. Is it appropriate to write like this, leaving it ignorant and burying doubts in your heart?
My friend, Mr. Tu Boju, is sincere in thought, touching the world, sensitive in thought and poor in scholarship. Those who have good words and small profits in ancient and modern times will always be congenial to them. Last year, my book The Sound of Painting was printed and published under the sponsorship of Mr. Wang. Now there are follow-up tasks, and then take this book to continue the sponsorship and printing of the previous book. This is also the fate of past lives!
This book is divided into two volumes, the first volume is, and the second volume is, to illustrate the significance of valuing grain over gold and jade. In the first and second volumes, their reasoning is too profound, and my own measurement is not my specialty, so I deleted it when I went to press. I ask those scholars who pursue profound knowledge to throw this book on the table! Because it has nothing to do with getting the first place in the exam, getting promoted and becoming famous!
The time is April, the tenth year of Chongzhen, written by Fengxin Song Yingxing in his inquiry hall.
Ha ha! ~ I copied it from the internet! ~
4. Begging for the vernacular "Preface to Wu Kai in Tiangong".
There are tens of thousands of things in the sky, and things are also caused by it. Success is not leaving a backward path. What kind of manpower is it? Things are everything, but they must be dictated to you before you know them. What does it have to do with geometry? Among all things, it is no different from a stranger and a helpful person, each with his own responsibilities. People with smart natural history will be pushed forward by others. It is because the flowers of jujube and pear are not appreciated, but they bear the "initial level"; Fan's "kettle", and talk about "kettle tripod"; Painters like to paint ghosts, dogs and horses, but are Zheng Qiao and Jinhua strong enough? Fortunately, in its heyday, locomotives in southern Yunnan ran through Liaoyang, and officials and businessmen in the mountains swam across northern Hebei. What is invisible to Wan Li? If you are a scholar, at the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the season of the Southern Song Dynasty, * * * regarded Yan, Qin, Jin and Yu as exotic products and got fur hats from the mutual market, so Uncle He was cautious. Moreover, Di Zi, the master and the teacher, grew up in the deep palace, and the jade grains of the royal chef are fragrant, but they still cut clothes in the palace and fantasize about silk. Speaking of time, I won a treasure by looking at the picture. In recent years, I have written a book called Heavenly Creations. I am hurt and poor, and I want to buy strange research, but I am short of money; I want to attract Shang Lue, a fan, to fake the truth, but I lack the museum of Chen Sizhi. What's wrong with writing it with its poor knowledge and hiding it in all directions? My friend Mr. Tu Baiju is sincere and open-minded. Those who have good words in ancient and modern times are long and desirable, and they must be diligent and suitable. Yesterday, I was awarded the book Painting Sound by my teacher. I have the rest of my life, so I will continue to do it with this volume, which is also the call of fate. Before and after dividing the paper, it means "your grain is precious and your gold is precious". The two volumes, Guan Xiang and Lv Yue, are too precise in doctrine, which is none of my business, so I deleted Linzi. Beggars abandon the table, and this book has nothing to do with the progress of fame and fortune. When Zhenguan decided to be ugly, Feng wrote a letter from home and asked about diet.
Excerpt from Heavenly Creations
● It is the first Song Zi's saying: If the ancient Shennong exists, taste its emblem, and the word has been passed down to this day. A stranger can't live long, but the grain is born, and the grain can't live by itself. Soil veins vary from time to time, from soil to water. Otherwise, Shennong went to Tang Tao, where he has been eating food for thousands of years. The benefits of Lei's teaching the world are self-evident. The succession of Jia species will be recorded in detail in Houji, so why? The son of ten thousand, look at the hat with clothes; A well-educated family is ashamed of farmers. Cook early and pay late, and there are countless people who know its taste and forget its source! It is impossible for a man to do what he did as a farmer and tie him to God! ○ There is no definite name for the total name of each valley, and the hundred valleys refer to several words. The grains are hemp, glutinous rice, wheat, millet and millet, and those who leave rice alone set out from the northwest with the sage who wrote the book. Today, rice is in the seventh place, and come, beg, millet and millet are in the third place. Hemp and glutinous rice have been put into the bait paste, but they are still in the valley. From its crescent moon. ○ Rice Rice has the most kinds. Non-sticky, glutinous rice, glutinous rice. Sticky, the grain is called glutinous, and the rice is called glutinous (there is no sticky millet in the south, and glutinous rice is used for wine). The quality of late-harvested japonica rice is sticky (commonly known as Wuyuan light, etc. ). It can be not wine, but porridge, which is another kind of sex. All rice shapes are long awns, short awns (the long awns in the south of the Yangtze River are called Liuyang Zao and the short awns are called Ji 'an Zao), long grains, sharp grains, domes and planes. Among them, beige is white, yellow teeth, red, semi-purple and mixed black. Wet planting period, as early as before the vernal equinox, is called community planting (in case of frozen dead), and at the latest after Qingming Festival. Each seed is first soaked in rice and wheat for a few days. Once it germinates, it is scattered in the ground and gives birth to an inch, which is called a seedling. 30 days after the seedlings are born, they are pulled up and planted separately. If the field is dry and the water overflows, transplanting rice seedlings is not allowed. The seedlings are out of date, old and long, that is, planting an acre of land and giving birth to a few grains, and the result is only so. The seedlings born in an acre of nursery are all for transplanting 25 acres. After all the seedlings are planted separately, they can be harvested in 70 days at the earliest (japonica rice can save people from hunger, and the throat is urgent, and glutinous rice is covered with gold and silver, which is beyond description), and Xia Dong can harvest it in 200 days at the latest. Sowing in winter and harvesting in midsummer are the rice in Guangnan, and there is no frost and snow on the earth. Every grain of rice loses water in ten days, that is, it is dry. Sow in summer and harvest in autumn, and there is endless water in the mountains. Its seeds are also durable, its soil veins are also cold, and it does not urge seedlings. Lakeside field will be sown in June after summer, and its seedlings will be sown in the long summer and spread on a high acre to wait for time. In the southern plain, the fields are harvested twice a year. Its re-planted seedlings, common name late waxy, non-japonica. In June, cut the first grain, plough the old draft field and insert the regenerated seedlings. When the seedlings are clear, they have already separated from the early seedlings. Early seedlings died without watering for a day. This kind of seedling lasts for four or five months, but it is different when it is dried in the hot sun. Where rice is replanted, it is sunny in autumn, and then irrigation and rice are over. Farmers work hard and need spring wine. Where rice will die after losing water for ten days, it turns into a kind of upland rice, which is japonica but not sticky, that is, high mountains can be inserted and different. A kind of fragrant rice, which is valued for its aromatic gas, has little harvest, no benefit and is not enough.
Big brother helped translate the article "Heavenly Creations". Song Zi said: Fire and water help each other.
A country with thousands of rooms is short of thousands of people every day, and the civil use is also complicated. Go to the next room to avoid the wind and rain, but cover it.
The princes risked their lives to defend their country, but the walls were too narrow for them to get on. The clay urn is strong and the wine wants to be clear. Wajie and acyl sugar are recommended.
During the Shang Dynasty, cowpea took wood as the object, so it was not too important to consider the quality! Later generations showed the earth effect, and artificial differences made the pottery elegant, with the essence of jade bone. Several banquets have hidden mysteries and are civilized.
Is it solid at last? Attachment: the kiln was changed back to Qing Zhengde, and the internal ambassador supervised the construction of imperial vessels. After Hong Xuan disappeared, she lost her furniture.
A man jumped off a building and set himself on fire, dreaming that someone else did it, vying to change the kiln. Those who are good at different things then mistakenly spread and burn deer, like all kinds of foreign objects.
Hui Qing is the Qing Dynasty in the Western Regions, and the beauty is also called Fotouqing. This is like a fire when the materials are unknown. Daqing can't go into the oven to keep its true colors.
Tiles are made of clay, and the ground is more than two feet, so sand-free clay is used. Within a hundred miles, it will be produced into earth tone for people's living rooms.
All residential tiles are divided into four parts. First, take the barrel as the model skeleton and draw four boundaries on the outside.
Mix the cooked mud and fold it into a rectangle. Then string the bow with iron wire. The wire is divided into three parts, limited by the ruler, until the mud is uneven, like paper, wrapped around the bucket.
When it is slightly dried and demoulded, it naturally splits into four pieces. There is no definite formula for the size of ceramic tiles, the big one is eight or nine inches, and the small one is three tenths smaller.
In rooms and ditches, there should be the largest one, called trench tile, which can keep out the rain and not overflow. After the green body is completely dried, push it into the kiln and light it, or stay up all night, or stay up all night, to see how much the pottery will be extinguished for a long time.
Turning water into rust is the same as making bricks. There are dripping water hanging on the eaves, cloud tiles falling under the roof, hugs covered on the roof, and images of birds and animals at both ends of the roof, all made by hand.
It is installed in a kiln and is also a device made of fire and water. If used in the palace.
Very different. It is made of glazed tiles, plates or pipes, with bamboo and eucalyptus as models, one by one.
Its soil will be taken from Taiping House (the capital of Fangda, which is transported by boat for three thousand miles). Participating in fraud and hiring slaves is extremely harmful, even the imperial tomb of Chengtian takes it from here. No one is arguing).
Put it into glazed tile kiln first, and burn 100 bricks per firewood. Taking out, coloring, and coating indigo with the soup of ring finger and brown hair; Ochre, rosin, cattail, etc. Painted yellow.
Then enter another kiln, reduce the fire and force it to be glazed. The same is true between the Prince's Palace and the Fairy Buddha Hall in other provinces, but the colors are different, so it is not necessary to use the same one.
Folk houses are forbidden. Bricks are made of mud, and the color of the soil has been tested. It is blue, white, red and yellow (there is a lot of red mud in Fujian and Guangxi).
Blue people are famous for their good mud, and most of them are in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. They are all sticky but not scattered, and powder is the best without sand. Pumping water nourishes the soil. People step into the thick soil one by one and then fill it in the wood blocks. The wire bow will flatten its surface and turn it into a blank shape.
There are sleeping bricks and side bricks for county pheasants and house walls. Sleeping bricks are square and long.
The battlements and the people spared the rich at the expense of labor and piled up with each other. Those who plan houses will sleep on the ground, laying bricks all the way and filling them with gravel to cover up the meaning of saving money.
The wall bricks are outside, and the digging is called square bricks; Those used to bear tiles on barrels [chariots] are called yellow bricks; Bow bridges, ghost gates and tombs are called knife bricks and bow bricks. Each brick is narrow and one-sided, close to each other, with a round top, which cannot be damaged by the pressure of horses and chariots.
Make a square brick, put the mud in the square, cover it with a flat plate, stand on it with two people's feet, grind it to become solid and burn it effectively. The mason grinds the edges and then grinds the ground.
The knife brick overflows a little directly, while the yellow brick is one of the ten brick walls and the square brick is one of the ten brick walls. When the brick is put into the kiln after being green, the load of 100 jun is one day and night, and the load of 200 jun is twice as long.
There are firewood kilns and coal kilns for burning bricks. Turn green and black with wages and white with coal.
Where the firewood kiln is used, drill three holes on the top side to exhaust smoke. When the fire stops, plug the hole with mud, and then the water will become rust. Where the temperature is below one or two degrees, rust color is not only.
Less than three Liang, called tender fire brick, its true colors are also mixed. If there is frost and snow in the future, it will dissolve without moving the soil. If the temperature is one or two degrees higher, cracks will appear on the brick surface.
Over three or two, the brick shape will shrink and crack, and will not bend and stretch, just like broken iron, which is not suitable for use. Skilled users use it as a foundation in buried soil, but it also has the use of bricks.
When observing the fire, look at the inner wall from the kiln door. The earth is dominated by the nature of fire, if gold and silver are extremely melted.
Tao Chang distinguished it. The method of turning rust is to make the kiln flat, raise the strings around it a little, and pour the soil [on].
It takes 40 stones to get bricks and tiles. The water god penetrated under the soil film and felt the fire.
Fire and water ji ji, its quality lasts forever. If the coal kiln is twice as deep as the firewood kiln, the bow on it will become smaller and smaller, and the top will not be capped.
Among them, five-foot diameter wide cakes are made of coal, one layer for each kind of coal and one layer for each kind of brick, and paid for reed ignition. If the imperial house is made of bricks, the largest factory is in Linqing, and the Ministry of Industry is in charge.
The initial colors are deputy brick, coupon brick, flat brick, table brick, axe blade brick, square brick and so on. Half of the back skin was removed.
Shipment to Beijing, 40 yuan per ship, half the fare. Those who decorate the main hall with square bricks are all made in Suzhou.
Its glazed tiles. The paint has been mounted on the tiles.
Paid Taiwan Province factory. Burned by black kiln clouds.
Every Potter belongs to a genus, and there are hundreds of species. Large jars, medium bowls and small jars.
The payment system is different from the local soil, and neither will work. The person who made this must be a round rather than a square device.
After trying to find the mud, the pottery car is still turning. Those who have worked hard on "Being Good at Squeezing (Squeezing) Mud" have not increased much according to the size of the audience. Two people [hands] help the mud rotate and knead.
The dragon and phoenix jars used in the court (kilns in Yizhen Calm, Quyang and Yangyang) are completely different from the nanzhi flower jars carved with thick mud. So, is it straight or a hundred times, or fifty times?
Everything with ears and mouth is closed and stuck with rusty water. Pottery has a bottom.
If there is no bottom, cooking in western Shaanxi will not use wood. All kinds of pottery at home and abroad have rusted, and the rough ones have rusted.
Casseroles, dental bowls and the like are not rusty, but rough and astringent and can be polished. Casserole does not rust, which is beneficial to ventilation and cooking.
All rusty materials are everywhere. It is widely used in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and other places.
Ferns and blue grass are ignorant. Its grass is the salary of residents for cooking stoves, but it is not more than three feet long, with branches and leaves like fir, golden and not prickly (dozens of its names vary from place to place).
Taoist priests took it to burn ash, filled it with water in cloth bags and filtered it. Remove the thick ones and take the thin ones away. Two bowls of ashes each.
Add a bowl of red mud, stir well and dip it.
6. The full-text translation of Crystal in Wu Kaizhong of Tiangong:
There are fewer crystals made in China than agate. At present, most of the products used in the south are collected in Zhangpu, Fujian (called Tongshan locally), most of the products used in the north are produced in Huangjianshan, Xuanhua, Hebei, and most of the products used in the Central Plains are produced in Xinyang, Henan (the most beautiful in black) and Xingguo, Hubei (now Panjiashan in Yangxin). Black crystals are produced in the north, not in the south. The rest of the places have been in caves, but they have not been found and taken; Or it has been discovered and mined, but it has been banned and closed by the government (for example, Gong Li sent eunuchs to stop mining in Guangxin (now Shangrao) area of Jiangxi). ). This situation is not uncommon. Crystal is produced in the gap between waterfalls and caves in deep mountains. The waterfall flows through the crystal day and night and flows out of the hole for about half a mile. On the water, it turns flowers like oil beads. The crystal is soft when it is not out of the hole, but hard after the wind blows. For convenience, the carver can make a blank on the spot in the cave and take it back for processing, which can save ten times the labor.
Original text:
All Chinese-made crystals, depending on agate, kill less. Today, most users in the south are from Zhangpu, Fujian (the mountain is named Tongshan), most users in the north are from Fu Xuan Huang Jianshan, and most users in Middle-earth are from Xinyang, Henan (the most beautiful is Hei) and Huguang Xingguo (Panjiashan). Black people produce in the north but not in the south. There are many other caves that have been discovered but not discovered. They have been discovered, but the lawsuit strictly forbids their closure (for example, Guangxin is afraid of being exploited by China officials). Where the crystal flows out of the waterfall in the deep mountain cave, its water flows out of the crystal, day and night, and flows out of the cave door for half a mile, and its surface is still boiling like oil beads. When the crystal is not out of the hole, it is as soft as cotton and hard when it sees the wind. If the work is cut properly, make a rough blank in the cave and then take it back for processing, saving ten times the effort.
7. Wrought iron is made of fried wrought iron.
First, an anvil made of cast iron is used as a base to carry the hammer. There is a saying that "everything is based on pliers", not nonsense.
The freshly baked wrought iron, called crude iron, loses three tenths when forging and becomes iron flower and iron dross. Scrap articles without rust are called old iron, which can be converted into other utensils or original utensils, and only one tenth of them will be lost when forged.
Seven tenths of the fuel in the ironmaking furnace is coal and three tenths is charcoal. In the land where there is no coal in the mountains, the forgers choose hard wood strips to burn into fire ink (commonly known as rockets, which will not turn into powder to block the vents when burning), and its flame is more violent than coal.
Even if coal is used, there is also another kind of iron charcoal, which has the advantages of internal fire and flame dissipation when burning, and has the same shape but different types as cooking coal. Glue the iron to be forged piece by piece, coat the joints with yellow mud, then put it in the fire to burn it red, knock off the mud, and only use yellow mud as the bonding medium.
After being hammered, iron will never break unless it is red-hot and chopped with an axe. After red-hot forging of wrought iron and steel, the effect of fire and water has not been blended, and the texture is not firm.
When discharged from the furnace, the materials are quenched in clear water, which is called sword steel and railway construction. This means that the properties of steel and iron are still weak until they become "healthy".
There is another magic medicine for welding iron in western countries. In China, white copper powder is used as flux for small-scale welding, while the forged joints of large-scale workpieces are forced to connect with hammers.
But after many years, the interface is not strong after all. Therefore, although the cannon was forged in the West, China only relied on casting.
8. The full text of Tiangong Kaiwu recorded various technologies in ancient China before the middle of the Ming Dynasty.
The book is divided into three parts, 18 volumes. It is accompanied by 12 1 illustration, which depicts the names, shapes and processes of 130 kinds of production technologies and tools.
Preface to "Heavenly Creations": Heaven covers the earth, and there are tens of thousands of things, and things are also due to it. Success is not leaving a backward path.
What kind of manpower is it? Things are everything, but they must be dictated to you before you know them. What does it have to do with geometry? Among all things, it is no different from a stranger and a helpful person, each with his own responsibilities.
People with smart natural history will be pushed forward by others. It is because the flowers of jujube and pear are not appreciated, but they bear the "initial level"; Fan's "kettle", and talk about "kettle tripod"; Painters like to paint ghosts, dogs and horses, but are Zheng Qiao and Jinhua strong enough? Fortunately, in its heyday, locomotives in southern Yunnan ran through Liaoyang, and officials and businessmen in the mountains swam across northern Hebei. What is invisible to Wan Li? If you are a scholar, at the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the season of the Southern Song Dynasty, * * * regarded Yan, Qin, Jin and Yu as exotic products and got fur hats from the mutual market, so Uncle He was cautious.
Moreover, Di Zi, the master and the teacher, grew up in the deep palace, and the jade grains of the royal chef are fragrant, but they still cut clothes in the palace and fantasize about silk. Speaking of time, I won a treasure by looking at the picture.
In recent years, I have written a book called Heavenly Creations. I am hurt and poor, and I want to buy strange research, but I am short of money; I want to attract Shang Lue, a fan, to fake the truth, but I lack the museum of Chen Sizhi.
What's wrong with writing it with its poor knowledge and hiding it in all directions? My friend Mr. Tu Baiju is sincere and open-minded. Those who have good words in ancient and modern times are long and desirable, and they must be diligent and suitable. Yesterday, I was awarded the book Painting Sound by my teacher. I have the rest of my life, so I will continue to do it with this volume, which is also the call of fate. Before and after dividing the paper, it means "your grain is precious and your gold is precious".
The two volumes, Guan Xiang and Lv Yue, are too precise in doctrine, which is none of my business, so I deleted Linzi. Beggars and literati abandon their desks. This book has nothing to do with the progress of fame and fortune.
Shi Zhen, Ding Yue and Feng Xin Song's Family Grain Book Part I: Naili: The cultivation technology of grain crops is clothes. The source of raw materials and processing methods of clothes are demonstrated. The dyeing method of plant dyes is the essence. The processing process of grain is salty. The production method of salt is introduced. The methods of planting sugar cane, making sugar and keeping bees are the first part. Taoli: the production and casting of bricks, tiles and ceramics: the casting of metal objects. Paste: Extraction method of vegetable oil: papermaking method. Next: hardware: mining and smelting of metals. Good soldier: weapon manufacturing method: Danqing: ink making pigment: wine making. Zhuyu: the source of jewelry and jade.
9. The full text translation of seawater salt in Heavenly Creations ○ Seawater salt
Where the sea is salty, the land by the sea is called tidal pier, and the land below is called grass swing, and the land is salty. Yi Tong sea-land ship
God, take the law. A method of high weir land, tidal waves have not gone, the land can be planted with salt. Every kind of home has its own regional painting boundary, doesn't it?
Invasion. If it doesn't rain in the morning, rice, wheat, plant ash and reed ash will be widely scattered on the ground today, and the pressure will be even. bright
The salt will be hairy when the morning dew is washed, and it will be fine at noon. Ash and salt will be swept up and fried together. A tidal wave shallow quilt
Ground, no ash pressure. As soon as the tide passes, tomorrow will be fine, and the half-sun salt frost will appear, and the speculation will be swept away. Forcing the sea in a way
When the tide is deep, first dig a deep pit, cross bamboo and wood, spread reeds on the bed and sand on the reed mat. As soon as the tide passes, the brine
The gas seeps into the pit from the sand, removes the sand and reeds, and uses a lamp to make it. When washing the lamp, the halogen gas is extinguished, and the brine is fried. In short, work
On a sunny day, if it rains for ten days, it is called salt shortage. Those who have natural frost like horse teeth on the ground of Huaichang call it.
Big sun-dried salt. You can't stop frying, but you can eat it right away. The sea water drifted with the wind to mow the grass and the salt was fried.
Where the water spraying method is used, dig two pits, one shallow and the other deep. Shallow feet, bamboo frame reed mat on the table, sweep the salt.
The materials (whether there is ash or not, the spraying method is the same) are spread on the mat. Embankment around the bulge? When it takes shape, it is filled with seawater.
Rain, seeping into the shallow pit. The deep one is seven or eight feet deep, drenched with shallow pit juice, and then fried in a pot.
There are also two systems for frying salt pans, which were called supervision pans in ancient times. Its basin is several feet wide and impressive in diameter. Those who use iron
The blade is made of iron, and the nails are bolted together. The bottom is flat as a bowl, and the circumference is two inches high. The joint of the blade was blocked with marinade.
Never reveal it. The following stoves burn firewood, with a maximum of 12 or 3 eyes and a minimum of 7 or 8 eyes. * * * stir-fry this dish. Bamboo weaving in Nanhai
In order to do this, bamboo is woven into a wide and deep foot, pasted with ash and stuck on the back of the kettle. Burn the bottom of the pot and boil it into salt. also
The famous salt basin is not as convenient as iron leaves. When the boiled brine does not coagulate, saponin is crushed and mixed with millet and rice bran.
After the brine boils, put it in and stir it, and the salt is formed instantly. Covering Gleditsia sinensis with salt is more corrosive than gypsum.
Salt Huai Yang Tian is heavy black. Others are light and white. Compare the quantity. A liter often weighs twelve taels,
Guangdong, Zhejiang and Luchang are only six or seven. The salt of Pennisetum can't last long, or every few years, or every month.
Salt melts at the sight of water, bittern melts at the sight of wind and hardens at the sight of fire. You don't have to use a granary for any collection, because there is salt, wind and moisture.
The next draft is three inches, and humility is harmless. Surrounded by cracks in mud bricks and thatched feet, it will remain unchanged for a hundred years.
Selected from "Heavenly Creations-Making Salt"