About the Yuan Dynasty's invasion of Japan! Make people think deeply! [repost]
Article source: alotof replication
/kloc-the disastrous failure of the empire invading Japan twice in the third century was recorded in many historical books from East Asia to Europe at that time, but the most original records came from three aspects: first, the records of the meta-empire; One is the record of North Korea; One was recorded in Japan. These three records are biased and have many contradictions. Fortunately, it is not isolated evidence, but archaeological findings as circumstantial evidence. After comparing with each other, we can easily find out the truth. Among them, Koreans are closely related to outsiders and have little interest in war, so their records are more credible.
The Mongols attacked Japan because Japan refused to submit to the Mongolian Empire. Kublai Khan sent envoys to Japan for many times, demanding that Japan surrender and pay tribute. King Koryo also wrote to the Japanese, asking them to yield to the Mongols, but the Japanese refused Kublai Khan's request contemptuously every time. In the face of such an attack, of course, Mongolian Khan, the king of the world, could not tolerate it, so an armed attack on Japan was inevitable. It should be noted that when Japan was attacked for the first time, the Southern Song Dynasty was not extinct, and Kublai Khan only controlled China in the north. At that time, the Yuan Empire was assembling heavy troops to prepare for the southern expedition, and there were not many troops attacking Japan, and the Han people were not the main force of this invasion.
Kublai Khan insisted on controlling Japan, and there were many more realistic considerations besides showing the authority of Khan. Although Mongolian Khan is rich all over the world, due to the strong demand of Mongolian nobles for luxury goods and the poor financial management of Mongolian ancients, the finances of the Mongolian empire are often stretched. Gui You and Mungo, two great Khan before Kublai Khan, were both famous for their profligacy. They mainly use precious metals to pay for luxury goods, and even mortgage some debts and even future trophies. Kublai Khan and Ali Buge fought fiercely for Khan for four years. This civil war between Mongols was unprofitable, which naturally worsened the financial situation of the Mongolian Empire. Japan has been the world's largest producer and exporter of silver for hundreds of years, and this rich island country is undoubtedly a piece of fat in the eyes of Mongolian nobles who are in urgent need of hard currency.
In A.D. 1274, the expeditionary force that attacked Japan set sail from Korea and arrived in Kyushu Island, with a total of 25,000 people, including Mongols and Koreans, some jurchen and a small number of Han people. The commander-in-chief of the Expeditionary Force is Hu Dun of Mongolia, and the two deputy commanders are Hong Chaqiu of Korean nationality and Liu Fuheng of Han nationality. The Yuan Army sailed to Hakata Bay, first captured and ravaged Tsushima Island and Yiqi Island, and then landed in Kyushu. Of the three invading armies, one is the main force and the other is the cooperative defense. The landing site of the main force is about near Nagasaki.
In the face of the first "Mongolian attack", the Japanese Kamakura shogunate mobilized some regular troops to participate in the war, and the Kyushu coastal governors also urgently organized warriors and militia to participate in the war. After more than 20 days of bitter fighting, the Japanese army's tactics were relatively backward and suffered heavy casualties in the first battle, but it still successfully blocked the advance of the Yuan Army. After several days of stalemate, the Japanese gradually adapted to the tactics of the Mongols and began to fight back. Japanese heavy cavalry, mainly composed of samurai, is particularly brave. With the support of archers, they braved the rain of arrows to attack the enemy and fought hand-to-hand with the enemy, which invalidated Mongolia's archery advantage. Liu Fuheng was killed in the fierce battle, and the Yuan army returned to the beach to rely on the pull-back gun for defense. At this point, the Yuan army suffered heavy casualties and there was no hope of progress. Their failure is inevitable. As the arrows and supplies were about to run out, the Yuan army could not continue to hold its ground and had to retreat to the ship. On the way back to North Korea, the Yuan Army fleet was hit by a storm and suffered some losses, but most of the ships returned home safely. This battle is called "the Battle of Wenyong" in Japanese history. In East Asia, Mongolians faced their opponents with equipment training and courage for the first time. Koreans are mainly responsible for melee in the battle, because the frontal impact of the Japanese army has suffered heavy losses. Therefore, Koreans are deeply impressed by the combat effectiveness of Japanese soldiers, especially Japanese combat knives. It is said that the swords of ordinary soldiers of the Yuan Army are easily broken with Japanese knives. Relatively speaking, Mongols who use bows and arrows have less losses. In their view, although Japanese bows and arrows are powerful, they have short range and cannot be compared with Mongolian horn bows. Let's briefly introduce Japanese combat knives: At that time, Japan's smelting and knife-making technology was world-class, and the performance of Japanese combat knives was only comparable to that of Damascus steel knives produced in North India and West Asia. The best steels in ancient times were Damascus steel (cast patterned steel), Japanese steel (dark patterned steel) and Malay steel (welded patterned steel) in order of performance. The best steel (wrought iron) in China is actually a kind of welded pattern steel, but its performance is not as good as that of Malay steel. The best swords in China are generally made of imported Malay steel. Damascus steel is a kind of high-grade alloy steel, with complex smelting process and high cost, and the specific manufacturing technology has been lost. In ancient times, Damascus steel knives were generally owned only by nobles. The top Damascus steel knife is Jian Zihao steel knife, produced in India, followed by Schell machete, produced in Persia. Cher machetes are exquisite in workmanship and luxurious in decoration, and they are the favorite of Mongolian nobles. In contrast, Japanese steel does not have many characteristics, and the excellent performance of Japanese combat knives mainly comes from its unique post-quenching process. Although Damascus steel knives have excellent performance, Japanese knives have low manufacturing cost, and ordinary Japanese militia can also have a good knife.
To be fair: when it comes to hardship, Mongolian soldiers at that time were invincible. If necessary, they can live by eating raw horse meat and drinking horse blood. Mongols are the first to maneuver in the war, and generally only bring a small amount of supplies. The problem of food and clothing for soldiers is mainly solved by plundering civilians in war areas. However, in this war, Mongolians could not give full play to their special skills. They have never been able to break into residential areas in the mainland, nor can they have civilians to plunder. Therefore, the tactics of the Japanese army can be described as very clever. Of course, this also requires the backing of the Japanese army's combat effectiveness.
After the first invasion of Japan, Kublai Khan thought that the Japanese had learned the power of the Mongols, so he sent messengers to Japan again to demand surrender, but the Japanese simply beheaded the Mongolian messengers. Kublai Khan naturally won't submit to humiliation. After the unification of China, he set out to prepare for the second sea invasion. Troops were recruited from China, Mongolia and North Korea to receive coastal landing training, and materials for expeditionary forces were continuously collected from all over the country. At the same time, shipyards along the southeast coast of North Korea and China are also building warships and troop carriers around the clock.
Naturally, preparations for such a large-scale expedition cannot be kept secret. The Japanese closely monitored the movement of the Yuan Empire and made full preparations for the upcoming second "Mongolian attack". At this time, Japan's political situation was stable, and Sejong Kitajima's control over Kamakura shogunate and Japanese vassals was far better than before, so the Japanese could use more manpower and material resources to resist the invasion. The shogunate commandeered civilian workers in Kyushu, and built stone walls along the beach in the area where the enemy troops were most likely to land in Hakata Bay to stop Mongolian cavalry. When the date of the enemy's attack approached, Kitajima Zongsheng and Kitajima Zong Zheng led elite samurai troops to deploy in the coastal areas of Honshu and Kyushu, and the Zhenxi Army of Kitajima Zong Zheng later became the main force of the battle. At the same time, Kyushu governors began to mobilize militia, and samurai from other parts of Japan also came to the war.
128 1 year, the huge Yuan Imperial Expeditionary Force set out from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Korea at the same time. The military capability of this expedition is amazing. There are nearly 5,000 ships with about 200,000 troops, including 45,000 Mongols, more than 50,000 Koreans, and about100,000 Han Chinese, most of whom are newly attached troops (Southern Song Dynasty troops). The ancient Mongols were naturally the backbone of the expedition. As expected by the Japanese army, the Northern Fleet arrived in Hakata Bay at the end of May. While waiting for the southern fleet, Mongolian troops easily captured several islands in Hakata Bay, all the residents on the island were slaughtered, and the buildings on the island were destroyed and burned. At the beginning of June, the Southern Fleet arrived and two huge fleets met off Kyushu. After that, the Yuan Army began to land, and the landing place was Jiulong Mountain, not far from where the main force of the last war landed. This time, the expeditionary force met with more tenacious and effective resistance. With the stone wall as the cover, the Japanese army constantly repelled the attack of the Yuan Army and waited for an opportunity to organize a counter-charge. The most successful counterattack of the Japanese army defeated the main force of the Korean army. Hong Chaqiu, commander of the Korean Army, was captured and killed, and several senior Mongolian commanders were killed one after another. Fierce fighting lasted for more than a month, and the loss of the expeditionary force has exceeded one third, but it still can't break through the stone wall. By the end of July, the Yuan Army had basically run out of food, grass and arrows. At this time, the Mongols and the Japanese probably thought that the end of this war would be the same as last time, ending with the withdrawal of the Yuan Army.
On August 1 day, a violent hurricane suddenly blew in the Pacific Ocean. The storm lasted for four days, and the ships of the Southern Fleet of the Yuan Army were basically destroyed, and most of the ships of the Northern Fleet were also lost. The remaining ships of the Northern Fleet, carrying the commander and some Mongolian and Korean troops, fled the battlefield and returned to North Korea. Confederate army commanders and some senior officials saw that there was nothing they could do, so they had to leave their large forces and escape by the remaining ships of the Southern Fleet. At this time, there is still an army of nearly 100,000 yuan on the beach of Jiulong Mountain. These people have lost supplies and retreat, unable to break through the Japanese defense. Now they can only wait for death. Three days later, the Japanese army began to counterattack, driving the remaining Yuan troops to a narrow area called Bajiao Island, and then attacking with troops. Most of the Yuan troops were killed, and the remaining 20,000 people were captured. According to Mongolian standards, the Japanese divided the prisoners into four classes, the first three classes, that is, Mongols, Semu people, Jurchen people, Koreans and Northern Han people were all put to death, and the fourth class Tang people (Southern Han people) were exempted from the death penalty and became members of the Ministry (Dalits). Today, there is also a hill called "Yuan Guan Tomb" in Hakata Bay, which is said to be the collective cemetery of soldiers of Yuan Army. Only three Confederate soldiers escaped in this fiasco. They pieced together a boat and luckily drifted back to China. Kublai Khan finally learned the truth of defeat through these three survivors. Fan, the deputy commander, was beheaded and other officials were punished to varying degrees.
In Japanese history, the second Mongolian invasion was called the "Battle of Hong 'an", and the quality and quantity of Japanese troops in this war were far superior to the "Battle of Wenyong", and the Mongols had no tactical advantage. According to the Japanese, the fighting capacity of Mongols is not as strong as expected, and Japanese samurai are superior to them in all aspects, especially in equipment and combat skills. The advantage of Japanese equipment lies not only in combat knives, but also in the armor of samurai. It is said that Mongolian bows and arrows can't penetrate the samurai's armor as long as they are a little farther away. Japanese samurai have no jobs at all and have received strict military training since childhood. It is not surprising that their fighting skills were better than those of the ancients in Bi Meng. Mongolian records say that the Japanese are good at fighting alone, which can be confirmed by the Japanese statement. The Japanese have the lowest evaluation of the Han people in the Yuan Army. In their view, the Han army is afraid of death and has low morale. It is a standard fishing force. But Han people can't fight, so it's right to be slaves, so the Japanese finally pardoned some Han people.
It is also worth mentioning that in the eight years between the two wars, the Japanese seem to have improved their bows and arrows. During the second invasion, Mongols found that the range and penetration of Japanese bows and arrows had been greatly improved, which could be comparable to Mongolian strong bows. Judging from the pictures preserved so far, the Japanese longbow is somewhat similar to the most advanced British longbow at that time, about 1.5 meters long. Because the Japanese are short, the Japanese archers in the picture look shorter than their bows. In fact, at that time, my tactics were similar to those of the British army, with heavy cavalry (warriors) as the main assault force, and light infantry and archers responsible for protecting the wings and suppressing the enemy.
Regarding the number of Japanese soldiers participating in the war, the opinions of all parties are very vague. Later, some China and unofficial history claimed that Japan invested more than100000 troops in the first war, and 400,000 to 500,000 Japanese troops participated in the second war. This statement is groundless and impossible. At that time, the total population of Kyushu was only a few hundred thousand, and even if the whole people mobilized, there would not be a hundred thousand troops. Moreover, not all parts of Kyushu sent troops to participate in the war. More than 200 years later, during the Warring States period, Japan's wealth and population far exceeded that of the thirteenth century. In several famous wars during the Warring States period, the total forces invested by all parties were only 50,000 to 60,000. Japan's army is small, partly because the Japanese appreciate elite soldiers. Personally, I estimate that the number of Japanese troops in the first war was about1-20,000, and the number in the second war was 50,000-60,000. Anyway, it is unlikely to exceed100000.
This is the general situation that the Yuan Empire invaded Japan twice. For reasons that are not difficult for everyone to understand, many patriots deeply regret the failure of the Mongols. They summed up many lessons and thought that if the Yuan Empire had avoided these mistakes, Japan would have been conquered and the history of Asia would have been rewritten. There are four more reasonable lessons:
First, a mediocre man like Fan should not be the commander in chief;
Second, the expeditionary force should be equipped with more horses;
Third, the expeditionary force should be attached to the "pull back gun";
Fourth, the army is not large enough. Let me talk about these four points separately.
Let's talk about Fan Huwen first. Fan is just a deputy commander. The real commander in chief is you, Cheng Atahai, but he didn't go to the battlefield himself. The actual commander-in-chief is two lieutenants, one is Fan and the other is Mongolian. Fan only commands the newly attached army, and all other troops are under the command of Suodu. It can be said that all elites are under the control of Suodu, who is the actual commander in chief. However, the Mongols have no experience in maritime operations, so Fan sometimes becomes the actual commander. Fan and Suo's military talents are really average, but they didn't make any particularly stupid mistakes in this war. Before the hurricane came, Fan had a premonition. He ordered some ships he could command to sail into a safer fjord to escape. As a result, he finally kept several intact ships for senior officials to escape. But later, when the responsibility was investigated, Han Fan was of course the first to be executed, and the punishment for Suodu was only demotion. In the eyes of some "patriots", Fan naturally became a historical sinner.
Let's talk about horses. The expeditionary force is only equipped with a small number of horses, mainly based on the following considerations: when crossing the sea and landing, the materials consumed by war horses are five or six times that of infantry. In other words, if more than 40,000 Mongolian soldiers are equipped with war horses, there will be no other auxiliary forces. In addition, the stone wall used by the Japanese army to stop the cavalry is probably an important reason why Kublai Khan refused to provide more horses for the expeditionary force. Is it easier for more than 40 thousand Mongolian cavalry to break through the Japanese stone wall than for more than 200 thousand mixed infantry on the beach? I think the answer is undoubtedly no.
The so-called "comeback" is not what many patriots think, but has little to do with China. The boomerang was formerly a western catapult, which was first used by Assyrians in the eighth century BC. After that, all ethnic groups in West Asia and Europe continued to make progress. By the time of Trajan in Rome at the beginning of the 2nd century A.D., the mechanical structure of trebuchet had been perfect, and it had become the standard equipment for Roman engineers. In the 9th century, chemists of Byzantine Empire improved the catapult of trebuchet, which made the combustion effect after catapult far better than before. The enemies of Byzantium, Muslims (Hui people), began to imitate and use the trebuchet after their fleet suffered heavy losses several times. A Xu of Genghis Khan was killed by a projectile from a trebuchet while fighting a model man. The "pull back gun" used by Mongols is a giant trebuchet made by captured Arab craftsmen. It is very difficult to transport this recoil gun by ship. If the Yuan Army wants to transport the Hui cannon to Japan, it will inevitably reduce the number of fighters transported. I'm not sure whether the fighting effect of this returning gun can compensate the soldiers for their reduced losses. But I think: even if the return gun works, it will not change the outcome of the war.
In fact, during the first invasion of Japan, the Mongolian fleet was equipped with several boomerang guns, originally for naval warfare, but the expected naval battle did not happen. When the Yuan army retreated to the beach, these guns were also used to bombard the Japanese army. I don't know what the effect of withdrawing guns is. unofficial history called it "crushing the Japanese army", which I don't think is credible. Judging from Kublai Khan's refusal to equip the expeditionary force with boomerang guns, the actual combat effect will not be too significant.
If the Yuan Empire invests more troops in Japan, say, 300,000 to 400,000, then it is indeed possible for the Yuan Army to break through the stone wall and invade Kyushu. But I think it is impossible to conquer Japan further. I'm afraid everyone has forgotten a basic common sense: if a small country wants to remain independent in the face of the threat of a strong country, it doesn't have to defeat the strong country, as long as the strong country realizes that aggression is not worth the candle. And this, Japan has already done. Even if the Mongols can invade Kyushu, the Japanese will not give in to the invaders. They will continue to harass them. In this way, the invading army will be like the British army during the American revolution, and all its personnel, weapons and materials will rely on long and fragile sea transportation. Even with the scale of China, it is unable to undertake such a war for a long time, and the final outcome of the Yuan Army will only be to withdraw from Japan.
In fact, Kublai Khan is indeed preparing for a third larger invasion of Japan. He ordered Atahai to prepare for the Japanese expedition. Atahai used more manpower and material resources to build more ships, assemble more troops and collect more materials for soldiers. However, after several years of preparation, the failure of the Yuan army in Annan (Vietnam) and the occupation of the city finally made Kublai Khan realize that attacking Japan could not have any benefits. Kublai Khan finally issued a decree, announcing that in order to show sympathy for the people's power, all preparations for the Japanese expedition were stopped, and most soldiers and civilian workers were demobilized and returned to their hometowns. This move by Kublai Khan is tantamount to admitting the failure of Japan policy in the past decade or so. But in any case, compared with many great leaders in history, I admire Kublai Khan's courage to admit his mistakes. After Kublai Khan's death, his grandson timur changed his hostile policy towards Japan and resumed Sino-Japanese trade. The Mongols finally got the silver from Japan through peaceful means.
The failure of the Yuan Empire in Annan can also prove from another side that the Mongols at that time could not conquer Japan. The equipment and combat effectiveness of Annan's troops are far inferior to those of the Japanese army, and there is no geographical advantage, but the courage to bravely resist the enemy is similar to that of the Japanese army. It is said that Annan's troops tattooed the word "kill Tatar" on their arms to show their determination to kill the enemy to death. Because there is no sea barrier between China and Annan, the Mongolian army can easily penetrate into the hinterland of Annan, and during the whole Annan War, the Mongols can easily capture any place in Annan. However, after the initial defeat, Annan's army avoided direct fighting and constantly organized small-scale harassment. The Mongolian army suffered heavy losses, and Sodu, the deputy commander of the Southern Expedition (the aforementioned commander of the Japanese invaders), was also ambushed and killed. The protracted war in Annan and the replenishment of personnel, weapons and supplies of Yuan Army caused a huge financial crisis in China. Eventually Kublai Khan had to withdraw all his troops and recognize Annan's independence.
The Korean people's war against the Mongols is even more difficult. Since the Mongols conquered Korea at the beginning of 13 century, the resistance of the Korean people has never stopped. From time to time, the Korean people fell into rebellion and suffered repeated defeats and wars. At the most difficult time of the Anti-Japanese War, korean king floated on the sea and refused to surrender and negotiate. Finally, timur realized that if the Korean War didn't end, the Korean Peninsula would become the bleeding wound of the empire. After occupying Korea for more than 70 years, Mongols withdrew from most parts of Korea and recognized korean king's rule over most parts of Korea. After the demise of the Yuan Empire in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, like Kublai Khan, sent envoys to Japan to demand Japan's submission, and the Japanese responded the same way that year. They rejected the demands of the Ming Empire and killed the ambassador. In the face of the same attack, Zhu Yuanzhang was much calmer than Kublai Khan. Instead of sending troops in a rage, he ordered a ban on trade with Japan. In order to prevent future generations from repeating Kublai Khan's mistakes, Zhu Yuanzhang listed Vietnam, North Korea, Japan and other countries as "countries that will never be conquered" in a "Dagao" (political will).
To sum up, the Japanese, Vietnamese, Koreans and other small ethnic groups, whose population is only a few tenths of that of China, were able to repel the Mongolian invasion mainly by virtue of their courage and unyielding spirit. But in any case, the success of these small ethnic groups has undoubtedly increased our sense of humiliation in the Han nationality. For reasons that are not difficult for everyone to understand, we try to downplay the success of Vietnamese and Koreans. For the Japanese, it is even more intolerable to tell how they fought bravely against aggression because of the profound disaster they brought to our nation. Because of the existence of Kamikaze Team, many patriots naturally attribute Japan's independence to luck. In fact, Kamikaze did help the Japanese, but without Kamikaze, the Japanese could have repelled the Mongols. The most obvious evidence to refute the theory of Kamikaze special attack team is that before the Kamikaze special attack team, the Japanese army and the Yuan army had been fighting fiercely for nearly 50 days, and the Yuan army was hit hard and completely suppressed by the Japanese army.
Finally, I want to say a few words: regarding China and Japan at that time, the performance of some modern China scholars and so-called patriots was really disgusting. Two of them are briefly introduced below.
One is to make tiger skins with banners and recognize ancestors indiscriminately. The Yuan Dynasty was obviously the period when China people were conquered by other nationalities. Among the fourth-class residents of the Yuan Empire, the Han people, as the main body of China, have the lowest status. According to Mongolian law, Mongols kill Han people as much as other people's donkeys. Many ethnic groups, such as Russians, Koreans and Uighurs, whose status was much higher than that of China at that time regarded Mongolian rule as a national shame. However, many China people who shout "patriotism" regard Mongolian rule as the supreme glory and decorate their so-called "national pride" with Mongolian military exploits. Genghis Khan, a semi-barbarian who didn't speak a word of Chinese and regarded China as dirt, was also recognized by many patriots as a native of China, and was called "the hero of China". I wonder how Genghis Khan would feel if he knew that so many humble slaves would lick his ass voluntarily after his death.
The second is to try to vilify others and excuse their cowardice. At that time, the Japanese, Vietnamese and Koreans were brave and tenacious peoples, and they repelled the terrible enemy who ruled half the world aboveboard. However, some of our history books always exaggerate our shortcomings, suggesting that we are actually no different from China people, just luckier. When it comes to the Battle of Annan, many history books emphasize how Annan's army was inferior and did not dare to face it head-on, how the Mongolian army was mighty and how to attack the city, how the Mongols did not adapt to the tropical jungle later, how the plague prevailed and so on. I think: Everyone with discerning eyes knows that Annan would be an idiot if he fought against the Mongols city by city. In fact, the Southern Song Dynasty is not inferior to Annan in the geographical position against Mongols, because the south of China is the most difficult place for motorized cavalry to fight, with rivers, lakes and seas and paddy fields. As for the failure of the Yuan Army in Japan, many China history books attribute it entirely to the hurricane. Never mention the heroic resistance of the Japanese, but fabricate and boast about how the Japanese are afraid, how to run and cry, how to pray to God in despair and so on.
There are external reasons for our nation's humiliation in history, but the bigger reason lies in ourselves, which requires us to seriously reflect. But some so-called patriots refuse to face the facts, but are keen on rape history to seek pleasure. Personal opinion: the widespread spread of obscene fallacies such as "divine wind" is the real shame of our nation.
The other one said:
After the Mongolian Empire completely conquered the Korean Kingdom in 1259, it was heard that there was also a Japanese Empire in the sea further east, which was convenient for 1266 to send envoys to surrender. At that time, Japan was under the rule of Emperor Kameyama and had no idea that there was a Mongolian empire in the world. Such envoys of unknown origin will naturally be ignored. This indifference has caused two innocent disasters:
The first time was 1274. A corps of 1.5 million yuan, led by Mongolian general Xindu and North Korean general Hong Chaqiu, set off from Hepu Port on the Korean peninsula by 900 warships, captured Tsushima Island and landed on the coast of Feifeng. Japan rallied120,000 people to resist, and suffered heavy casualties, but they persisted. Later, the Yuan army ran out of arrows and could not replenish them, so it had to be withdrawn.
Seven years later, 128 1 year, that is, the second year after the demise of the Song Dynasty, Kublai Khan set up the East Command in Kaesong, the capital of the Kingdom of Korea, with Mongolian general Achi Khan as the commander-in-chief (the right prime minister of the province) and Han general Jen Fan as the deputy commander-in-chief (the right cheng of the province), and joined forces in Tsushima Island. After joining forces, Agan passed away. Kublai Khan appointed Deputy Prime Minister (You Cheng, Zhongshu Province) Atahai to take over. However, Fan Huwen tried to accomplish this heroic cause through him. Without waiting for the arrival of Atahai, he marched and landed on Hirakujima Island (north of Nagasaki) in Japan. There are 100,000 soldiers and 4,400 warships all over the sea, with flags covering the sky. It is the first time for Japan to face such a powerful enemy. The whole country was shocked and knew that it could not resist, so it had to run around and pray for God's salvation. It was July of the lunar calendar, which coincided with the typhoon season in the southwest Pacific (inland people could not understand the terrible destructive power brought by typhoons, and even ships with a tonnage of more than 200,000 tons in the 20th century had to avoid the news of typhoons). When Japan was in a state of panic and uncertainty, the typhoon came at the right time. On August 1 day, suddenly, there was a storm at sea and heavy rain poured down. In the stormy waves, 4,400 warships were scattered everywhere, like duck egg shells, smashed into pieces by the other side, or swallowed up by the waves, and almost all of them sank. The bodies of soldiers floated on the sea. The bow and arrow weapons of the commissary were all on board and lost. The typhoon lasted for four days. On August 5th, the wind and rain finally stopped. Fan found himself unable to clean up the mess, so he abandoned all his men who landed in Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort scenic spot. Himself and a group of senior generals, in the remnants of a few warships, quietly escape. When more than 100,000 troops landed in Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort scenic spot, they found themselves abandoned by the commander-in-chief, like abandoned orphans, crying relatively. But they immediately organized and chose a Zhang Baihu (battalion commander class) as the commander, logging and shipbuilding, ready to escape. But time is running out. On August 7th, the Japanese army counterattacked, and the troops who landed in Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort Scenic Area fought fiercely for two days and nights. All the arrows were shot out and all the food was eaten. As a result, 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed, and 20,000 to 30,000 people who were not killed were driven to Bajiao Island by the Japanese army on August 9. All Mongolians, Koreans and northerners of China (Han people) were beheaded. Only the southerners of China, known as "Tang people" in Japan, survived death and became slaves. Only three lucky people escaped from the more than 100,000 troops that landed in Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort Scenic Area. They sneaked into the tattered fishing boats and drifted back to China. However, the most tragic thing is that this tragedy of total annihilation has not caused the problem of responsibility. Fan reported to Kublai Khan: "We arrived in Japan and were preparing to attack Taizai Prefecture, but the storm destroyed the ship. We still acted according to the original plan, but a general, a general (these people were abandoned under the Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort scenic spot where there is no evidence of death), did not listen to the command and led the army to retreat first, so the army had to follow. All soldiers disbanded after returning to Hepu Port and prepared to return to their hometown. " Kublai Khan believed his words. Although the three men who fled exposed his lies, the families of the victims complained to the government, but the voice was too weak for Kublai Khan to hear, and the upper classes of the Mongolian empire began to decay.
-This typhoon saved Japan, and Japan thanked it and called it "Kamikaze". At the end of World War II in the 20th century, Japan organized a suicide plane called "Kamikaze Special Attack Team", hoping that Kamikaze would come again. Although the result is disappointing, we can see the important position of this typhoon in history. Looking at the reasons for the failure of the Mongolian Empire's eastward expedition, we think it can be summarized into three items: First, the generals unified their troops to cross the sea, but no one understood the marine climate. Second, appoint scum Fan as the commander in chief. Third, when we set out, Kublai Khan refused to match a horse and a carbine, otherwise the troops landing in Wulong Mountain Scenic Resort scenic spot might get new ship support for retreating under the cover of giant guns.
In the second year after the failed crusade (1283), the envoys of the Mongolian empire were expelled from the kingdom of Myanmar, so they attacked Myanmar and fought for six years. Until 1289, Myanmar surrendered and became a vassal. The year before the attack on the Kingdom of Myanmar (1282), the envoys of the Mongolian Empire were imprisoned in the Kingdom of Zhancheng (southern Vietnam), and the Yuan Corps, led by the Mongolian general Sodu, set out from Guangzhou by 1000 warship. Occupy the city kingdom and retreat to the jungle valley. The Yuan army captured the capital, but the road back to the city and the route for providing foodstuff were cut off, and they retreated hastily, almost completely annihilated.
Next year (1284), taking advantage of the kingdom of Annan (northern Vietnam), the Mongolian Empire plans to cross Annan and attack the city from Lu Dao. The kingdom of Annan refused, and it dared not take the risk. Kublai Khan ordered his son Prince Tuohuan as commander in chief to attack the kingdom of Annan. Annan is a tropical place with dense forests, dark sky and miasma, which the northern soldiers have never seen before, and the resulting mosquitoes and leeches. The Yuan Corps suffered a plague first, and then the Annan Army kept ambushing, causing casualties and being defeated.
Three years later (1287), Prince Tuohuan made a second attack on the kingdom of Annan, this time capturing the capital of Annan, Luocheng (Hanoi, Vietnam). However, Annan's army cut off the route for providing foodstuff for Yuan Corps, and successively launched counter-attacks. Yuan Bingtuan had to give up Luocheng and fight and retreat. Along the way, poisonous snakes poisoned arrows, and it rained like rain. The soldiers will die, leaving only one life to escape. However, the king of China, Chen Ri (Hogan), was a far-sighted politician. Knowing that he could never offend this huge neighbor for a long time, he still sent envoys to Dadu (Beijing) to present his own kneeling statue made of gold instead of his own apology. The kingdom of Zhancheng also wisely asked for reconciliation. It didn't want to be an enemy of the northern trolls. The last expansion of the Mongolian Empire was an expedition to the Kingdom of Java (Java Island, Indonesia). The kingdom of Java is just an island, smaller and farther than Japan. But Mongolian envoys also went there to surrender; The king of Java tattooed his face to show his contempt for Mongolia and drove away. In A.D. 1292, under the leadership of Mongolian general Hei Lost and Han general Zhou Shi, the Yuan army set off from Quanzhou with 20,000 men and 500 warships, and landed in Java the following year. It happened that King Java was killed by his neighbor King Grant. Tuhambiye, the son-in-law of King Java, is a strategic leader. He surrendered to the Yuan Army and led the army to destroy the Grandet Kingdom. Then, he launched a surprise attack on Yuan Bingtuan. The Yuan army was defeated and reluctantly retreated to Quanzhou. More than 3000 people died on that desert island.
After the failure to conquer Java, the expansionism of the seemingly possessed Mongolian empire finally stopped. Tropical land is unknown to them, and they can't overcome the unpredictable ocean. It took 88 years from 1206, when Temujin established the empire, to continue the foreign aggression for one day, until 1293, when he defeated Java. It is amazing that the expansion of Mongols has lasted for so long that no country or nation can do it.