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Feng Menglong (1574- 1646) was born in the Ming Dynasty, also known as "Dragon", "Gong Yu" and "Ziyou", also known as "Purple Dragon Tour", the owner of Mohan Zhai, a slave of Wu Xia Ci, a slave of Gusu Ci, and a former Zhou Zhu Shi. He used many other pseudonyms. He was born in the second year of Wanli in the late Ming Dynasty. At this time, it was the Renaissance in the western world, echoing it from a distance. In our big eastern country with thousands of years of civilization, there are also many deviant thinkers and artists. Li Zhuowu, Tang Xianzu, Yuan Hongdao and many other literati wrote brilliant chapters in the history of China's thought and literature with their shocking opinions, distinctive personality characteristics and outstanding artistic achievements. Among these people, Feng Menglong made a unique contribution to China literature by creating, collecting, sorting out and editing novels, operas, folk songs, jokes and other popular literature. Wang Longwu of the Tang Dynasty in the Southern Ming Dynasty was two years old, that is, Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty was three years old, at the age of 73. Around this year, there appeared many successful writers, such as Ling Mengchu (1644), Hou Tongzeng, Huang Daozhou, Wu, Xia, Qi Biaojia, Liu (1645), Ruan Dacheng and Wang Siren (1. A Chinese Renaissance in the embryonic stage of capitalism died under the iron hoof of foreign invasion.
Feng Menglong was born in Changzhou (present-day Suzhou), Wuxian County, Suzhou Prefecture, Nanzhili, with a noble family background. The three brothers of the Feng family are called "Martial Arts Sanfeng". My brother Meng Gui is a painter and my brother Meng Xiong is a student. His works have been passed down to this day. Feng Menglong's own poems don't exist today, but fortunately, his 30 works have been handed down from generation to generation, leaving a group of immortal treasures for our cultural treasure house. In addition to Sanyan, which is widely known, there are many classic works, such as New Biography, Supplementary Biography of Three Demons in Suiping, Think Tank, A Brief History of Ancient and Modern Times, Notes of Taiping Guangji, Love History, The Legend of Mohanzhai, etc.
There are so many works in his life, which are closely related to his own interests and talents as well as his life experiences. In his childhood and youth, like many scholars in feudal society, he devoted himself to reading Confucian classics for imperial examinations. He once recalled in "Fa Fan" in the book "Pointing to the Moon by Phosphorus Classics": "I was educated in my childhood, and everyone asked me, and the secrets of all directions were sparse; After 20 years of painstaking efforts, I have learned more. " Wang Ting, a long-lost friend, said: "For thousands of years, the history of 2 1 century has been turned over." However, his road to the imperial examination was very bumpy. It was not until the third year of Chongzhen (1630) that he was recruited as Gong Sheng at the age of 57. The following year, an exception was made to grant Dantu. In seven years (1634), it was promoted to Shouning County, Fujian Province. I returned to my hometown four years later. In the turbulent world situation, the Qing soldiers went south and ran against the Qing at the age of 70. In addition to actively promoting and publishing the book "A Brief Introduction to Zhongxing", he should also directly participate in the anti-Qing struggle. In the third year of Qing Shunzhi (1646), he died of grief and indignation. Some people say that he was killed by the Qing army.
Throughout his life, although he had the ambition to govern the country, he did not want to be bound by feudal morality. His admiration for Li Zhuowu, who dared to preach chaos and mislead the people, his hanging out with prostitutes and his love for slang novels ... were all considered dirty, unrestrained and intolerable by Neo-Confucianism. As a result, he had to sink into the lower class for a long time, or work hard to make a living, or as an editor of a bookseller to support his family. Because of this, he not only established his lofty position in the history of China literature, but also established his lofty position in the history of China publishing, which has not been fully studied and understood so far. Without his diligence and knowledge beyond the eyes of his contemporaries, the scripts of the Song and Yuan Dynasties scattered in the Ming Dynasty and the folk songs, operas and operas would all die out, leaving a long trace in the history of literature. Feng Menglong's achievement can be compared with the significance of Confucius deleting the Book of Songs!
From the publishing point of view, these books compiled by Feng Menglong have a common and important feature, that is, they pay attention to practicality. His works recording historical events at that time were of great news value at that time; His textbook explaining Confucian classics is welcomed by scholars who study imperial examinations. His imitations, novels, novels, plays and folk songs have a larger readership for ordinary people and brought rich profits to booksellers. This makes Feng Menglong's editing work have some characteristics of the publishing industry under the modern market economy. In the book Think Tank, these characteristics are also fully reflected.
Think Tank, A Brief History of Ancient and Modern Times and Love History are another novel trilogy series of Feng Menglong. The purpose of the think tank is to "dispel doubts", the brief history of ancient and modern times is to "cure corruption" and the love history is to "love education", all of which express Feng Menglong's concern for the world. Think tank is one of the most social and political organizations.
And the actual story. He said in "Zhi Xu":
People have wisdom, but there is still water; The earth without water is scorched earth, and people without wisdom are walking dead. Wisdom is used by people, and there is still water flowing on the ground. The terrain is full of water, and the personnel depression is full of wisdom. The forest of success or failure in Zhou Lan can not be ignored.
He wants to sum up the reasons of "success or failure in ancient and modern times", which has far-reaching significance.
Think Tank was first edited in the sixth year of tomorrow's apocalypse (1625). This year, Feng Menglong has reached the age of destiny, still living the life of a library teacher, compiling books for booksellers and solving the problem of cooking without rice. At this time, the traitor Wei Zhongxian was in power, the prefect spy was in the East Factory, and Daxing was unjustly imprisoned. This is one of the darkest periods in China's feudal society. Such books compiled by Feng Menglong have a strong political color, and many chapters denounce the disadvantages of eunuchs in power, which makes people admire Feng's great wisdom and fearless spirit.
Later, this book was supplemented by Feng Menglong, and it was renamed Think Tank Supplement when it was reprinted. Other publications are also called Complete Works of Think Tank, Supplementary Think Tank Supplement, and Extended Think Tank Supplement. , the content is the same as the think tank supplement. The book contains 1238 wisdom stories from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, which are divided into ten parts and twenty-eight volumes. The political stories in Shangshu, Zhi Zhi and Tea Records express Feng's political opinions and diligent attitude towards being an official. "Courage", "skill" and "abstinence from governance" are stories of various political means; The story of Yu Zhi is eloquent and eloquent; "Bing Zhi" is a collection of various military strategies for winning by surprise attack. The wisdom stories of women in the past dynasties in the album "Wisdom in the Boudoir"; Miscellaneous Love collects all kinds of cunning tricks, even all kinds of tricks. Feng Menglong said in the Preface of the Ministry of Miscellaneous Affairs: "Justice is not taken from cunning, but is trapped in cunning; Great wisdom does not take advantage of petty gain, but great wisdom may deceive petty gain. Break its cunning, then the power wins; He who knows little will win. The situation is right, not before, small and complete, not big before? " Point out the cognitive value of these mixed wisdom stories. There are great strategies in politics, military affairs and diplomacy in the book, as well as whimsy in the daily life of small people such as foot soldiers, vagrants, servants, monks, farmers and painters. These stories have merged into a sea of ancient wisdom of the Chinese nation. The classics involved in the book cover almost all the official history before the Ming Dynasty and a large number of notes on unofficial history, which makes this kind of books on wisdom and strategy also have important data value and collating value. Most of the 1000 stories in the book are true and vivid, which is also very beneficial for us to study history today and enhance our national self-confidence and pride. In particular, the book's album "Wisdom in the Boudoir" describes many intelligent, brave and far-sighted women, which makes this book have a distinct anti-feudal people's character in the feudal era of "women without talent are virtue".
Feng Menglong wrote a general statement and a sub-statement in front of each department in the book, and wrote comments and comments after each article. These places are the most concentrated and direct expression of Feng's political attitude, outlook on life, love and hate, and they are all articles and first-hand materials for studying Feng's thoughts. The "Summary of the Four Ku Encyclopedias" said that this book "has occasional comments, but it is extremely thin." This evaluation from the standpoint of feudal orthodoxy is unfair. But there are some superstitious ideas in the book, and there are some words that denigrate ethnic minorities and peasant uprisings. These backward things are not difficult to identify today, so I won't go into details here.
There are many printed editions of Think Tank. The basic edition we used for proofreading this time is called Augmented Think Tank Supplement, and the title is Feng Menglong's Re-editing. Zhang Mingzhou, Ji Shen and Zhang Wocheng read it together. Although it was printed in the early Qing dynasty, compared with other Qing dynasty editions, this edition does not avoid the words "Yi" and "Lu", such as "Lu Tusi" in Xue Juan San, which was changed to "or" Khan ". The words "Yi people", "Yi customs" and "Arbitrary" in the same volume "Gao Gong" were originally changed to "Qi Min", "Folk Custom" and "Ren Min", which proves that this book may be the original edition of the late Ming Dynasty or a copy close to the original edition.
Feng Zi said: wise people still have water, the land without water is scorched earth, and people without wisdom are zombies. Wisdom is used by people, and there is still water flowing on the ground. The terrain is full of water, and the personnel depression is full of wisdom. Zhou Lan's success or failure in ancient and modern times cannot be ignored. Why is it clear? In the past, there were Liang, He Tang and Wu Zhi; The six countries are stupid and wise; Chu Yu, Han Zhi; Sui Yu and Tang Zhi; Song is foolish and wise; Yuan is stupid, but the sage is wise. If it is big, you can look at it in detail and it is also described in the "think tank". Or difficult: wisdom is greater than obedience, but it is trapped in stubbornness; It is also bigger than the hole, and it is in Cai Chen; The son of the west neighbor is proficient in six arts, does not sell clothes, and the son of the east neighbor is illiterate, enjoys plain printing, has hundreds of servants, and still cares about learning from ignorance. Toyoko said with a smile, I didn't see the digger. Winter is naked, summer is autumn, the rope is inside and the pot is outside. It is wise to take a spring from the ground, but Fu Fei learned from the soil and saw the stone, so he became a success. There is a kind of world balance, which breaks out of the spring and nourishes thousands of families. Therefore, fools see stones, wise men see springs, and wisdom changes when it is poor, and wisdom changes when it is not poor. Make the wisdom not smooth, hole, square and dust in the rain, mud in the well, captured by Chen Ruocai, why idle piano in bed and string in the wild? I don't know the clever use of sage wisdom, but how can I peek at my bag? Or: Shun and Kong are true. However, the "think tank", the doctor was wrong, so it was burned in Seoul. What can I do? Toyoko said: No, no! If you are wrong, you will not die of wisdom, but of stupidity. Only when you sit down and talk about soldiers, will you take the initiative to rise up and serve the country for seven years, in order to keep the son of heaven in national defense, for one thing, he will be unwise and his reputation will be ruined. Although it is foolish to defend yourself, it is wise to raise the country, so it has been dead for thousands of years, and the people are still suffering and are listed as famous ministers. It's wise to stay awake at night, but it's foolish to raise the country. Compared with this, who is more beautiful? And in the name of "think tank", my son knows one and doesn't know two. Before the mistake, there was a slap in the face; Later, there were Lu Kuang, Zhi Qian, Du Yu, Huan Fan and Wang Jianyan. It was in Huang Ming, and Wen Yang was good at this number. People who are gentlemen have different trajectories, and many of them have succeeded in being upright and sharing weal and woe. It is shameful to punish a child for his own benefit, but it is even more unwise to let him waste his boat! Or: the think tank written by Zi can make people learn wisdom. Wisdom comes from sex, from paper? Feng Ziyue: I firmly say to people: wisdom is still water, but what is hidden underground is sex; People who are chiseled out learn. Use of wells and streams, rivers and ginseng. I'm worried that my wife's nature is limited to mud and stones, but I'm worried about what I said on paper, and I'm worried about the world. Or: I heard that "if you take the law, you will only get the middle." The son tastes smart, the god is cunning and cunning, or get on the bus, the chicken calls the dog a thief, but also prepare anecdotes, and the bag is filthy. Why does he teach the world? Feng Zikai said: I am not a man, but a wise man. Not only people, but also things, not only things, but also wisdom. Although he is a good thief, who is not the nitrate and halberd in my medicine cage? In my opinion, cobwebs can be pushed to fish and cocoons can be pushed to houses. For example, the king of the valley, all the water returns together, so he chooses to flow and suffer! Or it is not difficult, so I wrote down the words at the beginning of the article. Feng Zi's name is Menglong, whose word is still Dragon, and he is also a Dongwu freak.
Think tank self-narration, think tank self-narration.
Recalling the age of Bing Yin, I sat in the Sanjingzhai Building in Jiang for nearly two months and compiled it into the twenty-seven volumes of Think Tank. In order to consult the wise men in the sea, they are often boasted, while addicts hope to have more time to continue. I'm the second child in the middle of Lu, and I haven't read the secret script of Xishan, nor have I heard of strange things overseas. So I won this horse. Go on? Over the past few years, I have heard and touched, and I am close to wisdom, so I didn't keep all my thoughts to make up for what I didn't prepare in the previous series. Although, Yue Zhongwu said: "The beauty of management lies in one heart." Make good use of it, and the bark can escape to death; If you don't make good use of it, Ma Fu's book can't be saved. Therefore, understanding horses with sheep has always been praised for its complexity; Treat the disease with the prescription first, and then make it up. The rest is more eloquent. Emperor Taizong liked the brushwork of the right army, and calligraphers approached Lanting's books. Because of their nature, folk pieces of paper were silent and even exhausted. Buddhism is excellent, with 42 chapters, which was later increased to 548 volumes, but it has not been finished yet. So, although it is expensive to use, why not be knowledgeable? This is to make up for or not to abandon what the wise people in the country have, not just to block the demands of those who love scabs. After the book is finished, Yu will go to Fujian, and his friend De Zhong Shi will send Yu, so he will go to Songling. Dezhong's previous books "Fingering the Moon" and "Yokoku" covered those who particularly liked scabbing, because they were all described in words.
Wumen Feng Menglong carved on a ship in Songling.
Sanyan is the collective name of Yu Shiming, Shi Jing and Xing. The author is Feng Menglong of Ming Dynasty. Together with "Erpai", it is called "Sanyan Erpai".
Feng Menglong's thought is very complicated and full of contradictions. If we want to comprehensively study Feng Menglong's ideological source, we should at least involve the following three aspects: First, orthodox Confucianism represented by Confucius; Second, the ideology of the southeast coastal citizen class since the middle of Ming Dynasty; Third, the philosophical trend of thought with great influence in Ming Dynasty. As far as the relationship between Feng Menglong and the philosophical thought of Ming Dynasty is concerned, the author thinks that Li Zhuowu and Wang Yangming have the greatest influence on Feng Menglong's thought.