Clinical manifestations of dyslipidemia
The etiology of hyperlipidemia can be divided into primary and secondary. Primary hyperlipidemia mainly refers to dyslipidemia caused by gene mutation involved in lipid metabolism, such as familial hypercholesterolemia. Secondary hyperlipidemia is the most common dyslipidemia, which generally refers to dyslipidemia caused by bad living habits, drugs and diseases. Bad living habits include unscientific diet (big fish and big meat, or extremely low fat intake), excessive drinking, lack of exercise, obesity and so on. In addition, diabetes, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, liver disease and some drugs can also cause dyslipidemia.
Hyperlipidemia is "hyperlipidemia"
Hyperlipidemia, also known as "hyperlipidemia", refers to abnormal blood lipid metabolism, mainly refers to the increase of triglyceride and/or cholesterol content in blood, which exceeds the normal range. Hyperlipidemia is generally divided into hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, mixed hyperlipidemia and low high density lipoprotein cholesterolemia. The increase of simple cholesterol or triglyceride level in blood is called hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia respectively. If both are high, it is called mixed hyperlipidemia.
Clinical manifestations of hyperlipidemia
Hyperlipidemia itself has no symptoms and is easily overlooked, delaying the best prevention and treatment time. Therefore, it is suggested to take blood tests regularly to find and treat hyperlipidemia as soon as possible. The clinical manifestations of hyperlipidemia are mainly complications, which can be simply divided into cardiovascular system and non-cardiovascular system. Stroke patients may have speech disorder and hemiplegia; Coronary heart disease can include angina pectoris and heart failure. Severe renal atherosclerosis can also lead to renal failure. Some patients also have intermittent claudication. Non-cardiovascular system mainly includes xanthoma of skin, abnormal vision and pancreatitis.
Harm of hyperlipidemia
The harm of hyperlipidemia involves cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular systems. Hyperlipidemia, especially hypercholesterolemia, is the main risk factor of atherosclerosis. Once atherosclerosis occurs in large and medium-sized arteries, stroke, myocardial infarction and ischemic nephropathy may occur, and sudden death may occur in severe cases. In addition to the cardiovascular hazards mentioned above, hyperlipidemia and severe hypertriglyceridemia can lead to acute pancreatitis, fundus vein thrombosis and other diseases.
Relationship between atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia
Atherosclerosis is the main hazard of hyperlipidemia, and its essence is the appearance of atherosclerotic plaque on the wall of large and medium-sized arteries in human body. With the growth of plaque, the vascular lumen becomes narrower and narrower, which eventually blocks blood vessels, causing ischemia and/or necrosis of related organs, leading to diseases that endanger health and life, such as stroke, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the main cause of death in China, and atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, so it is very important to prevent and treat hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
Treatment of hyperlipidemia
The treatment of hyperlipidemia mainly includes lifestyle improvement, drug treatment and other three aspects. In the implementation of treatment, it must be clear that the purpose of hyperlipidemia treatment is not only to reduce blood lipids, but to prevent and delay the occurrence and development of ischemic cardiovascular diseases, so that patients can live longer.
The improvement of therapeutic lifestyle is the most important and basic measure to prevent and treat hyperlipidemia, which is safe and effective. Diet should vary from person to person, and it should be scientifically matched to avoid big fish and big meat. However, it is not recommended to "drop oil without touching" and you can drink alcohol in moderation. It is suggested that the daily alcohol intake should not exceed 20-30 grams for men and 65,438+00-20 grams for women. Generally speaking, China people's body mass index should be controlled at 18-24, and the calculation formula of body mass index is weight (kg)/ height 2(cm). The approximate method of estimating the appropriate weight is: appropriate weight (kg)= height (cm)- 105. Advocate moderate exercise, especially aerobic exercise. The amount of exercise is gradual and varies from person to person, so it is best to integrate it into work and life. In addition, it is also important to quit smoking, keep a good mood and sleep.
At present, there are mainly statins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, fibrates, nicotinic acids and cholic acids on the market in China. The first three commonly used drugs, especially statins, are the first choice for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. These drugs mainly reduce blood cholesterol concentration by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the body. It is recommended to take it before going to bed at night. For severe hypercholesterolemia, statins can also be combined with ezetimibe, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, if the curative effect is not good. Bate drugs mainly reduce blood triglyceride concentration, so it is recommended to take them with meals. In addition to the above categories, there are fish oil products to choose from.
Lipoprotein plasma exchange and liver transplantation are also methods to treat severe hyperlipidemia, but these two methods are rarely used at present because of their complicated methods and wide clinical application of powerful lipid-lowering drugs.
Prevention of hyperlipidemia
Regular blood lipid examination is one of the important measures to prevent and treat hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Early detection of dyslipidemia and detection of its level changes are the basis of prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. For healthy people, when they are under 40 years old, their blood lipids should be tested at least once every 5 years; Men over 40 years old and postmenopausal women should be tested once a year; For people at high risk of cardiovascular diseases and people who already have cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (such as coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease or peripheral atherosclerosis, etc.). ), it is recommended to test once every 3-6 months. The high-risk groups of cardiovascular diseases include people with multiple cardiovascular risk factors (such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, etc.). ), family history of early-onset cardiovascular disease, family history of hyperlipidemia and patients with xanthoma.
To prevent hyperlipidemia, we must develop a scientific lifestyle, the most important of which is to control diet and exercise moderately, which is the so-called "keep your mouth shut and keep your legs open". In addition, for diseases that can lead to hyperlipidemia, such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, liver disease and so on. We should actively treat, monitor the changes of blood lipids and take countermeasures to avoid using drugs that interfere with lipid metabolism.
You have a lot of health to answer for you: draw blood to check blood lipids, mainly including total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. At present, fasting blood test is still the main method It is suggested to maintain the usual eating habits and weight within 2 weeks before blood drawing, do not do strenuous activities the day before blood drawing, and rest for at least 5 minutes after fasting 12 hours before blood drawing. It is an important step to know your blood lipid level by taking blood tests for the above four indicators, but you can't sit back and relax just because the blood lipid level on the test sheet is within the normal range. To see a doctor in time, please ask a doctor to make a comprehensive judgment according to your blood lipid level, age, sex, smoking history, hypertension, diabetes and so on.