Reform of Peter the Great: As the son of the third Tsar Alexei I, Peter the Great absorbed the experience of European Protestant countries, rebuilt a new order for Russia, and completely changed all traditions since Byzantium. In view of the short-term humiliation suffered by his father because of the religious reform movement of patriarch Nikon, Peter the Great used the death of Russian patriarch Adrian in 1700 to stop the election of patriarch. After the long-term vacancy of the patriarch, the bishop system was officially abolished in 172 1 and replaced by a "sacred religious conference"; At this point, the original central administrative unit of the church became a part of the state organization. Administrative officials appointed by the czar ("senior church staff") can attend all meetings and even supervise and manage church affairs. In addition, Peter the Great also promulgated trivial religious laws and regulations as the operating rules of all religious activities in Russia. At that time, due to the division of conservative forces within the church, it was impossible to recommend a strong spokesperson to defend rights, so it had to be passively accepted. Under the innovation of Peter the Great, the Russian church entered a new historical era, and it didn't appear until 19 17. Not all the results were negative. For example, Peter the Great's church advisers are all Ukrainian senior bishops who graduated from Kiev College. They introduced western theological education into Russia, the most famous of which was Cardinal Feofan Prokopovich of Pskov, a good friend of Peter the Great. Throughout the18th century, the Russian church continued to carry out missionary work in Asia, and many religious writers and saints emerged, including St. Mitrofan of Voronezh, Ronnie, who died in 1703 and St. Gihon of Zadonsk, who died in 1783)-a German Lutheran John arndt and a German. Among them, Jasny Metjevich, Archbishop of Rostov, was deposed and died in prison for opposing the secularization of church attributes advocated by Queen Catherine (1772). At that time, there was a secular bureaucratic atmosphere in Russia, which was quite unfavorable to the revival of esotericism. Even so, Paisy Velichkovsky (1722-94), a young scholar from Kiev, promoted the revival and later became the director of the Ningci Monastery in Romania. His translation of the Slavic version of Sam Ji indirectly led to 65438.